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2012年6月2日，又逢周六，天气阴，我决定从河北省邢台市邢 台 县西黄村镇的前马厂村翻山越岭到后青峪村再到上马庄最后到邢 台 县皇寺。早8点我从前马厂村北侧开始上山，到皇寺正好中午12点。 嗨，一边登山一边听自己喜欢的音乐，那种感觉真的超爽超美妙哦，现在我爬山的感觉很爽，脚步轻快，如同走在平路上一样。上山下山都没有一丝累的感觉。朋友都说佩服我的毅力，其实，登山并不需要毅力，而是一种爱好，一种享受，我爱登山！ 人生是一次登山，沿途有擦肩而过的荆棘刺痛，有粗砺的山岩的拌脚，但这一切均无损于山的光明磊落，山的坦荡忠诚。 人们常常抱怨登山道路的坎坷，登山路途的遥远，害怕山中的荆棘和山岩。弱者在山的前面俯首臣服，不敢上前；强者不畏艰难险阻，涉水翻山。在翻越了大山之后，我发现：原来成功在山后。 山险固然可怕，山路固然难走。但人们同时也应想到：登山道路周围的景色是何等之秀美，有青山翠树的美景，有极目远望的无限风光，有鸟儿婉转的歌唱声，有泉水叮咚的悦耳声。 其实，我们可以换个角度去看待山。为什么不把山看作是磨练自己的工具呢？一路登山，一路欣赏美景，一路磨练自己。待翻越了大山，成功也就在你的前面了。 生活中的困难是一座座的山，要想取得成功，你就必须不怕坎坷曲折，不惧山高路远，努力拼搏，战胜困难。也许你会有“山重水复疑无路”的感觉，也许你会感到精疲力尽，也许你心中会升起后退的念头，但是，“天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能“。你应该认识到成功就在困难的后面，只要你鼓起风帆，坚持到底，终会到达成功的彼岸。 成功，永远在山的后面，牵引着人一生不息的脚步，风霜雪雨，一路踉呛赶去。只有走过一生泥泞的道路，才能摘到芬芳艳丽的成功之花! 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！见到的红布条，路！很亲切！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！遇到一群驴友！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！上马庄村天真孩童！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！上马庄村！沿途见到的红布条，路！很亲切！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！看到了棋盘山！ 行走在前马厂村—皇寺的山路上！见到的红布条，路！很亲切！([]
最新章节： 第521章 冬至 （ 2024-05-20 00:30:23）
更新时间： 2024-05-19 22:14:21
- 第1章 大话西游
- 第2章 幸福三重奏2
- 第3章 杨幂
- 第4章 小丑获剧情类影帝
- 第5章 奇葩说6
- 第6章 急速逃脱
- 第7章 大话西游
- 第8章 破冰行动王牌对王牌
- 第9章 财经郎眼
- 第10章 妻子的浪漫旅行
- 第11章 新闻周刊
- 第12章 澳大利亚射杀骆驼
- 第13章 第一夫人集体发声
- 第14章 下一位前度
- 第15章 武炼巅峰4狂潮
- 第16章 三国演义
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- 第18章 五等分の気持ち
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陈佳儒我有些照片想和大家分享交流一下.我在2009年花了五个月一个星期的时间从乔治亚州的SPRINGER MT.背包徒步到缅因州的MT. KATAHDIN.完成全程共2,178英里, 或3,500公里, 越过十四个州.我拍了4,500多张的照片, 主要做个实地记录.因为东西太多, 人太懒, 除了原始每天的起末点外, 没作任何笔录, 所以文字说明就免了.但每个文件名都有日期和地点的对应.不过抱歉它们都是英文的.因图片储存的服务器在异地, 如果网络连接效果不好, 我也不打算再在这里上载了.若有问或高见, 我以后再一一回答和请教.2009 美国阿帕拉契亚小道直通背包徒步另外, 我还有其它几个影集顺便一起附上.希望不使大家失望. 我忘了附上一张全程示意图.我一直忙着科罗拉多小道，把先发的帖子给忘了。雨天看窗服！这么长距离开车都觉得累-是的，当我做完的时候，人非常的累。我的体重掉了20多斤，回去后3个星期里，走起路来浑身疼。雨天看窗下次可以end2end洛基山脉 -给你猜对了一半。方向大概一样，地点可能稍有不同，但资金是关键。大东从“科罗拉多小道”找过来的，稍后慢慢再看。谢谢分享！-这过程太长，同时既然要做，就要比上次做的好。我恐怕在最近的将来找不出时间来完成。我最近把2009年背包徒步的原始照片又重新看了一遍，对其中一些具有代表性和我喜欢的作了处理，上载到8264我的相册里。现在觉得手上有点时间，而且以前几位8264的朋友鼓励我将编辑出以与大家分享。我原本在徒步时并没有任何要发表游记或功略的打算，只是想尽可能多地记录下自己所经历过的，所看到的一切，给自己以后一个回忆的依据。在背包徒步中，由于前后时间太长，即使后来比较好的景色很快地便成了所谓的"审美疲劳"的产品，再加上按时完成旅途的压力，和天气等的原因，相当多的日子里，照片不是被疏忽了，便是寥寥无几。我的笔录除了每天的所到之处外，几乎没有任何其它的记录。我所能叙述的都靠回忆了，并且这也不是我的擅长。敬请谅解。阿帕拉契亚小道的全称为阿帕拉契亚山国家景观小道。它座落在美国大陆的东部，以乔治亚州的Springer Mountain为南端起点，贯穿14个州，直到在缅因州的北端终点，Mount Katahdin。小道全长约2181英里(3510公里，2011年更新)，通过乔治亚州，北卡罗来纳州，田纳西州，韦吉利亚州，西韦吉利亚州，马里兰州，宾夕法尼亚州，新泽西州，纽约州，康奈迪克州，麻萨诸塞州，佛蒙特州，新汉普什尔州，和缅因州。阿帕拉契亚小道。阿帕拉契亚小道以相同的平面比例覆盖在中国地图上。阿帕拉契亚小道沿线的主要城市。这个基本由人类设想，人工刻意开辟的小道现由30个左右，当地小道俱乐部来维护，并受国家公园事务处(National Park Service)，和非盈利性组织，阿帕拉契亚小道保护协会(Appalachian Trail Conservancy)的管理。其中参预的人员大部为自愿者。平时运作的资金来源于国家的预算，非盈利性经营，和各种捐款等。阿帕拉契亚小道最初在上个世纪的二十年代由几位先贤设想，与无数的参预者一起，克服重重困难，在短短的十几年中建成了绵延数千公里的贯通小道。小道的地势呈两端高耸，且较荒芜。而中段却与人类的居住与文明非常的接近。其最高点在北卡罗来纳州与田纳西州州界上的Clingmans Dome，6643英尺(或海拔2025米)；最低处在纽约州的哈得逊河旁的熊山动物园内，只有124英尺(或海拔38米)。小道可以处在半径几百英里人烟罕见之地；也可以离纽约市只有34英里。小道沿线的植物种类繁多，温带的不说，阿尔卑斯型的高山，甚至所谓北极圈内型的植被都能见到。动物包括熊，郊狼，鹿，麋鹿，短尾山猫，猞狸，森林响尾蛇，等等。阿帕拉契亚小道的平面方向记为一白色的，5x15cm的漆印。一般在小道两侧的树上，面对南面和北面两个方向。沿线有共有250个左右的临时居住木屋，和营地，其中极少数是要付费的；而在此之外，更多的则是任意和免费的空间，只要符合管理当局的规定和遵守一般的露营常识就可以了。除去北端的一些地区外，大部分的小道均与道路交通线相交，走全线的背包徒步者大概隔每三，四天就可以由此进市镇去休息整理，补充给养等。这个小道原本的思路不是为了徒步者一个季节，一次走完。但"贯通型";的徒步却被视为最终极的方式。由于地理，气候，伤病，和时间等的原因，使得能在一个季度里完成全程3500公里的背包徒步成为非常的困难。在上个世纪，从起点登记上路的统计算起，通常完成全程的人只有10~15%。但在2000年以后，此成功率达到近30%左右。可能是由于网络媒介的传播发展，背包徒步的资料充足，及装备理念的更新导致了这种现象。一般一个徒步者要花上4~6个月左右的时间走完全程。基于开始时间和地点的不同，徒步者的行进方向可分为从南向北，或由北朝南，或分段跳跃似的，或从中间向两头去，或从两头往中间走。启程晚的徒步者在后期阶段，面临的可能已经是大雪覆盖地面的冬天了。阿帕拉契亚小道保护协会(Appalachian Trail Conservancy)对完成3500公里的阿帕拉契亚小道全程的背包徒步者作出统计，无论他们是一年内做完，还是分十年，二十年做完。背包徒步者必须要基于个人的诚信，如实地向其协会提出申请。从有史记载以来一共有一万两千多人完成了全程的徒步，包括一人完成多次的，一人分若干年完成的。。。我所知道的Warren Doyle16次走完全程，还有其他很多走完多次的人。我本人用了五个月另一个星期从开始到结束，包括相对长时回家处理事务和生病的时间。全世界从1936年起至今完成全程3500公里徒步人的总数，共一万两千多人(次?)。我名字在2009年完成全程3500公里徒步人的名单上。倒数第六。2009年4月29日当日起点 North Plainfield, NJ次日终点 Gainesville, GA距旅途终点Mt. Katahdin 2178.3 英哩里程数 0.0 英哩 (0.0 公里)天气 多云到阴一个星期前，我离开了工作岗位。 我是主动提出辞职的，但名字依然挂在公司花名册那里。这主要是公司的管理部门给我一个面子；我也希望公司能不能给予我一个回来，和内部转行的机会。现在一切都已明了，这次背包徒步是一次性的，在经济困难时期，既然出去了，就不可能再回来了。我租的房子合同在月底停止，所有的东西搬进了储藏室。我离家前所有的家当，和一颗执着不变的心。此时已经没有退路了!我的好友，Matt送我到他居住小镇，Fanwood的车站去。我把我的车子停放在他的家庭车道上。我在那儿搭乘NJ Transit火车到纽瓦克的Penn Station。2009年4月30日当日起点 Springer Mountain, GA, AT M. P. 0.01当日终点 Sassafras Mountain, GA, AT M. P. 11.2 距旅途终点Mt. Katahdin 2167.1 英哩(3486.9 公里)里程数 11.2 英哩 (18.0 公里)天气 多云到阴图中两红点之间为我今天所走的路程。我于2009年4月29日下午离开了纽瓦克的Penn Station，搭上南行的Amtrak火车，经过16个小时的缓慢行驶，于第二天的早上7点左右到达了位于乔治亚州的Gainesville。我走之前与那里的一个运载背包徒步者的人，Dave联系好，付钱让他把我送到离小道南边终端两英里的一个垭口。我从那儿再返回向南端，正式开始这3500公里的徒步。我在垭口停车场旁的留影，两小时后我从最南端开始徒步，又重新回到此地，向北行进。从我此时的体型上可以看出多年办公室生活的痕迹，虽并不太差，但与我在结束时相比，却有着很大的区别。向南的阿帕拉契亚小道。此段我要走两次。因为我若直接上最南端，要经过一段8英里的爬升，因上路晚，时间紧，所以多花点钱，让Dave把我送到更容易些开始徒步的公路旁。Springer Mountain，乔治亚州，阿帕拉契亚小道的南端终点。向南看去，仍然是一片群山，但延伸到阿拉巴马州时，便成为丘陵与平原了。阿帕拉契亚小道南端终点的纪念铭牌。在石头上放着的是长途背包徒步者到册子，一般的情况下，藏在下面的石缝里，以避风雨。这个资料由当地的俱乐部收藏。我才到阿帕拉契亚小道的南端终点便遇见一位背包客。我们相互介绍自己，知道彼此也做同样的事情。他的名字叫，John，来自佛蒙特州。在以后的近十天里，我们在一起徒步，露营，和进城休息。他替我拍了这几张照片。我坐在阿帕拉契亚小道南端终点的纪念铭牌旁。我们遇见一位当地徒步俱乐部小道维护者。他的户外名字叫，"Many Sleeps"，年龄74岁了，晚上就在附近露营，直到休息日。他的主要任务为监测小道的状况，向徒步者提供各种信息，与政府管理机构联系沟通等。他是阿帕拉契亚小道社区的名人，真是老当益壮!这3500公里的直通背包徒步就这样地开始了，万里长征的第一步。我的基本信念是无论走多远，多么枯燥无味，走一步，就离终点少一步。没有太多可以去想的。在四月底，海拔高度1300米的山区已经看见树枝发芽了。但今后若干星期后在更高的高度上，季节似乎有所返回。小道旁的树干上清楚可见白色的方向记。我经过几乎一天的长途火车与汽车旅行，无法好好地休息，人现相当疲劳。以后的几个小时的路程，路况十分的良好，非常平整，上下起伏也很小。乔治亚州的小道给我的影响很好，主要是来自于当地徒步俱乐部的贡献。小道利用一个旧的山区简易公路。我在倒卧的树干补充了一些能量。我今天并没有与John约好一起徒步。这只是在途中两人相遇，我给他拍的照。他以后一段与我在一起的时间里用大卡车约翰，"Big Truck Johnny"的别名，直到他的女儿厌倦了父亲在外徒步"不顾家"的行为，给他起了个别名，"懒驴"。他告诉我他目前没有业务，有四个月的时间，想用背包徒步来减轻体重，但也想走完全程。我坦率地告诉他，这四个月的时间对他这样从没有背包徒步，体力不在最佳状况的人来讲很紧。他也同意走到哪儿就到哪儿。我从中午时分开始便开始听到山脚下连续的枪击声。我很早以前就知道，在这段小道附近的山下为美国陆军精锐的特种作战部队，Army Ranger，的基地或训练营地。估计蓝博属于此类。平民徒步者有时能在附近的小道上碰见路过的正在训练的士兵。我身旁的枪声连续了好几个小时，体现了一个军事大国的经济实力。我想这山叫，Hawk Mountain。陆军巡游兵的基地就在其下面。天虽然还不太晚，但我昨天的几乎一天的旅途使我感到相当的疲劳。与"大卡车约翰"，及另一个背包客聊过后，就在一个已经建立的营地上安营扎寨。而他们却继续前进，准备再走4个英里，在一个避难所过夜。我的吊床。它的特点是体积小，重量轻，但舒适程度差，空间小。我在天转热后便放弃使用它，而用普通落地帐篷。由于这里是野外，理论上有熊及其它动物的出现，所以食物袋要高悬在树枝上。夜里事与愿违，"大卡车约翰"第二天告诉我，半夜里一架Army Ranger的直升机进行空降训练，正好在他露营的小溪上空，探照灯把附近照个雪亮，徘徊不走，吓得他不轻，半天没有睡好觉。我这儿却什么都没有听见。夜里飘有零星小雨，还不能真正检验我的吊床防雨的功能。 2009年5月1日当日起点 Sassafras Mountain, GA, AT M. P. 11.2 当日终点 Woods Hole Shelter, GA, AT M. P. 27.0距旅途终点Mt. Katahdin 2151.3 英哩 (3461.4 公里)里程数 15.8 英哩 (25.4 公里)天气 多云到阴图中两红点之间为我今天所走的路程。阿帕拉契亚小道经过许多国家和州立公园和保护地。这里的蓝岭与我后来见的蓝岭不知是否有关系。我一早离开营地，路过"大卡车约翰"的营地，他正好要开拔。于是我们聊了起来，因为明天就要暂时离开小道去补充给养，处理个人事宜，所以决定一起行走。我在小道上。乔治亚的平整地段，徒步起来的确相当舒适。小道就是沿着山脊，但并不是每个山头都去，而且放坡也很缓和。由于森林火灾，小道旁被烧毁的林子。沿着等高线或缓慢放坡的小道。由于土质的关系，走上去相当的舒服。来到Woody Gap，Woody垭口。回望走过的小道。在这个季节里，山区的水汽十分的充足，而且地表的温度相对较高。水汽在升入天空后，遇到冷空气，便形成降雨，这样的循环往复，造成雨天联绵不断。上午走过的群山。疲惫的"大卡车约翰";和我借着一个观景点，坐下休息。他一直夸赞我的体力比他好。我了解到他的祖上两辈均在纽约市作港口的引水员，有法国和德国的血统。而他现在为独立的承包商，住在佛蒙特州。我的自拍。大山虽然绝对海拔不高，但不断的上上下下，可以使人很疲惫。天空开始下起间断小雨。给才上路后不久的我一个心理上的小小冲击。在乔治亚州段的舒适的小道。雨过后，天空似乎在放晴。"大卡车约翰"和我在小道旁发现了一个营地。我们虽然知道避难所离这儿不太远，但大家都累了，懒得再多走几步，就决定在此搭营，明天上路也快。不过在后来取水的时候，我们俩还是去那避难所走了一趟，遇见了我在最后一天的徒步中仍然在一起的"萤火虫"，一个来自明尼苏达，但以前在佛罗里达工作的女孩。我在徒步的第二天与";萤火虫"相见，途中几千公里，我们碰到好多次，在最后的一天我们在北端终点见了最后一面。我们从没有相约一同背包徒步，因为她是个很独立的人，而且我个把星期以后就"单飞"了。他们以后也曾邀请我一同徒步，但被我谢绝了，我想要更多的自由和速度。"大卡车约翰"在建立他的营地。那么大的个子，却住在相当小的帐篷里，为减轻负重，但晚上肯定不舒服。我的吊床。夜里雷雨交加，闪电呈各种颜色，就在头顶很近的地方，我唯恐会被雷击。所以露宿在山顶上不是件好事。这个经验我永远记住，除非我确信天气，和风景特好。2009年5月2日当日起点 Woods Hole Shelter, GA, AT M. P. 27.0当日终点 US 19&129, Neels Gap, GA, AT M. P. 30.7距旅途终点Mt. Katahdin 2147.3 英哩 (3455.0 公里)里程数 3.7 英哩 (6.0 公里)天气 阴今天的路程。昨晚的雷暴雨给我带来了两个在户外重要的信息。除非万不得已，天气不好的时候，特别在夏天，不要在山脊或山顶上露营，避免遭雷击；再是我的吊床，在风雨交加的时候，顶棚里面难免遭受雨水的侵袭，不是一个最佳的户外住所的选择。早上离开营地不久，便开始爬升。现在看来并没有什么，但当时经过几天辛苦的徒步，倒觉得挺吃力的。小道渐渐地上升，我可以看到Blood Mountain了。在接近Blood Mountain避难所前的一张多幅连拼。面对西面。"大卡车约翰"替我拍的。据他自己讲，他根本不会照相。我当时也的确担心没有结果。"大卡车约翰"。我拍摄的就大不相同，信心很高，哈。。Blood Mountain Shelter，一个几乎没有人敢在里面过夜的避难所。倒不是因为它有点陈旧，和失修，而是在它周围的故事传说。当年这一带居住着两个印第安人的部落联盟，以这里山脊为界。但不知为何引起双方的战事，彼此在此山头上争夺撕杀，弄得个血流遍地，这山头因此而得名。Blood Mountain两侧的景色。阳光透过云层，给我以短暂的希望。这里的有许多观景点。我感到有点兴奋，一生中很少看到过如此连绵起伏的群山。一张多幅连拼。";大卡车约翰"与我在此简短休息后，便下山，准备进城休息，补充给养了。在下山的途中我们赶上了"萤火虫"，她因为经验不足，鞋子选择不当，给她的脚带来巨大的麻烦。我在这几天内也尽我所能给"大卡车约翰""灌输"一些户外装备和背包徒步的小常识。他很感谢我，说我为他的老师。但他不久就琢磨出应该怎样做很多事了。我们下山后来到今天的小道徒步终点，一个垭口，Neels Gap；和所经的公路，US 19&129。 这个垭口附近有个户外店。一般没有多少阿帕拉契亚小道长途背包徒步经验的人，经过几天的徒步，都会被建议或体会出，要在此更换或更新他们的装备。我与"大卡车约翰"说过，棉布的牛仔裤不能用于户外。他根据我的其它一些建议，将不必要的东西请那店帮忙寄回家去。在此之前，"大卡车约翰";与一个经营住宿的营地主联系好，让他开车过来接我们，其中包括至今一直独立行走的"萤火虫"。那户外店旁一个小客栈。我们嫌它过于简单，拥挤，而选择了较贵的木屋营地。我后来一直延用这样的做法，经过几天辛苦的跋涉，宁愿多花点钱，独自安稳的休息和恢复体力最要紧。负面的效应，钱包瘪下去地更快了。我以后若有这样的背包徒步，无论经济情况如何，我会选择这简单的客栈，因为可以见到更多类似于我这样的背包客，大家更容易彼此交流，联络感情。"萤火虫"与我与相互拍照。我在知道她的小道名以前，曾想过给她起个有中国味的，叫"豆芽菜"的名字，但后来很长时间没能见到她，无法告诉她。一个在大学学心理，后来从事于辅导不良少年工作的年轻女子。只听说她曾多次带那些少年进入户外的环境，想用自然的力量感化，纠正他们，因此自己也想多一些的户外经验。在等车来接我们去木屋营地。右边的是"萤火虫"；而前面打电话的是一个从事运输业的独立经营人，一个乔治亚州带有印第安人血统的人，"冰雹";。 他选择了今晚呆在那个小客栈。被遗弃的徒步装备。可看出徒步者对它们的感情是如此的仇恨。木屋营地的主人，Bill终于把我们带到了独立的木屋。这里面有厨房，卫生间，客厅与饭厅，卧室连在一起。我们个人个占一间木屋，每晚。由于体力消耗很大，食物补充不很及时，我才进来时感到有点寒冷，但出乎我意料之外，屋里有暖气设施，室温不久就上去了。这木屋一般供短期度假，户外，及打猎等的家庭使用。他们可以在里面生火做饭，只要另付几块钱就可以了。应该说是经济实惠的。何况还是热水澡洗。我原本带了一套处理蛇咬的工具，但估计不会有太大的用场，就留在了这里。"大卡车约翰"的木屋。我们清理完毕后，准备请Bill开车把我们三人送到靠近的小城，Blairsville去就餐，和购买食物。"萤火虫"的屋子在山坡底下。Blairsville的超市，Ingles门口的停车场。那饮料看来是"大卡车约翰";最喜欢的。我们三人在购买晚徒步食品后，去了一家自助餐去改善下。"萤火虫"和"大卡车约翰"。饭饱后，我们走到市中心，给Bill打了个电话，等他来接我们。我们则闲着无聊，四处逛悠。当时在市中心有个旧车展。我买了一袋土豆片，大家分享一下。"萤火虫";和"大卡车约翰"。我，"Highway Man"与"大卡车约翰"。我的小道名望文生义的话，就有点不切了。我想这是Blairsville市的市政厅。我们回到了Bill的木屋营地，还有很多时间，便去他的接待厅看看电视，也好知道未来几天的天气。我以后在背包徒步中一直有这样的习惯，在市镇里歇脚时了解未来的天气，以掌握节奏和主动，直到最后太习惯于各种的恶劣天气，才不太介意了。([]
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王丽刚洛阳，一座有着5000多年文明史、4000年的建城史和1500多年的建都史的古城，是华夏文明的发源地和中华民族的发祥地之一。而洛阳又因牡丹闻名于世，被世人誉为“千年帝都，牡丹花城”。在牡丹花盛开的日子里，我独行洛阳，去造访这座千年都城并欣赏我国著名的国花。4月10日晚，乘坐K419次列车，经过6个半小时的车程，与次日清晨558，我到达了洛阳。按照事先做好的功课，车到洛阳站后，出站后直接去公交站台乘坐801公交，上车直达龙门石窟。 龙门石窟位于洛阳市南郊龙门峡谷东西两崖的峭壁间。因为这里东、西两山对峙，伊水从中流过，看上去宛若门厥，所以又被称为“伊厥”，唐代以后，多称其为“龙门”。 这里地处交通要冲，山清水秀，气候宜人，是文人墨客的观游胜地。又因为龙门石窟所在的岩体石质优良，宜于雕刻，所以古人选择此处开凿石窟。 龙门石窟是中国石刻艺术宝库之一，国家AAAAA级景区。2000年被联合国科教文组织列为世界文化遗产。 两山之间的伊水让洛阳这座古城尽显了灵秀之气。 龙门石窟位是中国石刻艺术宝库之一，世界文化遗产、是中国四大石窟之一。龙门石窟与甘肃敦煌莫高窟、山西大同云冈石窟并称为“中国三大石刻艺术宝库”。 石窟始凿于北魏孝文帝时（公元471～477年），历经400余年才建成，迄今已有1500年的历史，龙门石窟南北长约1公里，现存石窟1300多个，窟龛2345个，记和碑刻3600余品，佛塔50余座，佛像97000余尊。 最大的佛像高达17.14米，最小的仅有2厘米。其中以宾阳中洞、奉先寺和古阳洞最具有代表性。 宾阳中洞是北魏时期（公元386～512年）的代表性作品。这个洞窟前后用了24年才建成，是开凿时间最长的一个洞窟。洞内有11尊大佛像。主像释迦牟尼像，面部清秀，神情自然，堪称北魏中期石雕艺术的杰作。主像座前刻有两只姿态雄健的石狮。左右侍立二弟子，二菩萨，菩萨像含笑凝眸，温柔敦厚。洞中还雕刻着众菩萨，弟子听法的浮雕像，栩栩如生。窟顶飞天仙子的刻画也十分传神。 宾阳中洞是北魏时期代表性的洞窟。“宾阳”意为迎接出生的太阳。宾阳三洞开凿于北魏时期，是北魏的宣武帝为他父亲孝文帝做功德而建。它开工于公元500年，历时24年，用工达80万2366个，后因为发生宫廷政变以及主持人刘腾病故等原因，计划中的三所洞窟（宾阳中洞、南洞、北洞）仅完成了一所即宾阳中洞，南洞和北洞都是到初唐才完成了主要造像。宾阳中洞内为马蹄形平面，穹窿顶，中央雕刻重瓣大莲花构成的莲花宝盖，莲花周围是八个伎乐天和两个供养天人。它们衣带飘扬，迎风翱翔在莲花宝盖周围，姿态优美动人。洞内为三世佛材，即过去、现在、未来三世佛。主佛为释迦牟尼。他是佛教的创始人，原名叫乔达摩·悉达多，原是古印度净饭王的儿子。他和中国的孔子生活在同一时代，比孔子要年长12岁。他在29岁时出家修行，经过六年，悟道成佛，创立了佛教。由于北魏时期崇尚以瘦为美，所以主佛释迦牟尼面颊清瘦，脖颈细长，体态修长。衣纹密集，雕刻手法采用的是北魏的平直刀法。由于北魏孝文帝迁都洛阳后实行了一系列的汉化政策，所以洞中主佛的服饰一改云冈石窟佛像那种偏袒右肩式袈裟，而身着宽袍大袖袈裟。释迦牟尼所有侍立二弟子、二菩萨。二菩萨含睇若笑，文雅敦厚。左右壁还各有造像一铺，都是一佛、二菩萨，着褒衣博带袈裟，立于覆莲座上。洞中前壁南北两侧，自上而下有四层精美的浮雕。第一层是以《维摩诘经》故事为材的浮雕，叫做“维摩变”。第二层是两则佛本生故事。第三层为著名的帝后礼佛图。第四层为“十神王”浮雕像。特别是位于第三层的帝后礼佛图，它们反映了宫廷的佛事活动，刻划出了佛教徒虔诚、严肃、宁静的心境，造型准确，制作精美，代表了当时生活风俗画的高度发展水平，具有重要的艺术价值和历史价值。非常可惜的是，在上个世纪的三、四十年代被盗往国外了，现在分别陈列在美国纽约大都会博物馆和美国堪萨斯州纳尔逊艺术博物馆。 “剪刀手”卖萌佛祖在宾阳中洞石窟，有一尊历经千年风霜的佛像，手势神似“剪刀手”。剪刀手佛像是在向游人卖萌，在提醒大家保护文物，还是想说点什么？有网友评论：四百年前的艺术大师们好有远见，知道在四百年后剪刀手肯定会风靡全球。 《伊阙佛龛之碑》亦称"褚遂良碑"。篆额《伊阙佛龛之碑》。贞观十五年(公元641年)刻于河南省洛阳龙门石窟壁宾阳洞内。 这里因伊水东西两岸之香山和龙门山对峙如天然门阙，故古称“伊阙”，隋唐以后，习称龙门。《伊阙佛龛之碑》通高约5.00米、宽1.90米。由中书侍郎岑文本撰文，谏议大夫褚遂良书。字共三十二行，满行五十一字。计一千六百余字。碑文主要记述唐太宗第四子魏王李泰为其母文德皇后长孙氏死后做功德而开凿，太宗末年李泰与太子李承乾争夺太子位，李泰借为母亲开窟造像做功德，实有获得太宗好感，为自已捞取政治资本的目的。这通碑原应为北魏所雕的宾阳中洞的造窟碑，到了唐代李泰为节省费用，竟就势磨去原有碑文，又重新雕刻成唐碑的。 关于该碑的记载，始见于宋嘉祐六年(公元1061年)欧阳修之《集古录》及赵明诚之《金石录》。《伊阙佛龛之碑》是早期传世褚书的代表作。为目前国内所见褚遂良楷书之最大者，字体清秀端庄，宽博古质,是准的初唐楷书。此碑虽说是碑，实际上却是摩崖刻石。两者功用相同，都是为歌功颂的。但在创作时条件不同，一个是光平如镜，而另一个则是凹凸不平，书写的环境也不会那么优游自在。于是，摩崖书法的特征也就不言而喻。因无法近观与精雕细琢，于是便在气势上极力铺张，字形比碑志大得多，舒卷自如，开张跌宕。正是在这一点上，像汉代的《石门颂》、《郙阁颂》、《西峡颂》，它们气度之开张，韵致之飞扬，自然拙朴，即使是如《礼器碑》、《乙瑛碑》、《史晨碑》等真正的碑志精品也无法比拟，褚遂良的《伊阙佛龛碑》，正是这样一种典型的摩崖书风。传世墨拓以明代何良俊清森阁旧藏明初拓本为最佳，拓工精致、字口如新；比《金石萃编》所载犹多五十余字，曾经清代毕泷、沈志达、费念慈等递藏，现藏北京图书馆。有影印本行世。 魏窟――公元495年魏宗室丘慧成开始在龙门山开凿古阳洞，500--523年魏宣武帝、魏孝明帝连续开凿宾阳洞的北中南三个大石窟，石阳洞和宾阳洞的修建共费人工80万以上，还开凿了药方洞和东魏时开凿的莲花洞等石窟。北朝石窟都在龙门山，古阳洞自慧成至东魏末50多年的营造，表现出列多的中国艺术形式，大佛姿态也由云岗石窟的雄健可畏转变为龙门石窟的温和可亲。以宾阳中洞主佛为代表的佛像，人物面部含着微笑，龙门石窟比云岗石窟表现出更多的中国艺术佛像。龙门石窟还保留有大量的宗教、美术、书法、音乐、服饰、医药、建筑和中外交通等方面的实物史料。因此，它又是一座大型的石刻艺术博物馆。 只可惜龙门石窟遭受的破坏要比云冈石窟大得多，绝大多数佛像都不存在或者是残缺不全的了。 ([]
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王吉茂Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
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张博育走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
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巴火瑶安娜普尔纳保护区，是尼泊尔最负盛名的自然景区，也是世界上最适合徒步旅行的地方之一。其中安娜普尔纳大环线（Annapurna Circuit TREKking，简称ACT）是世界十大徒步线路之首，沿途可以看到玛纳斯鲁、道拉吉里和安娜普尔纳三座8000米级的山峰，也是目前世界上成熟徒步线路中海拔落差最大的一条。一路上从茂盛的丛林，目不暇接的水瀑到高山草甸，再到寸草不生的垭口，尤其是在冬季，被一片冰雪世界覆盖，那纯净无瑕的美丽，无时无刻不萦绕在思忆中。一路上遇到的一个个鲜活的脸孔，时常浮现在眼前，这场孤独却又似狂欢的旅行让我每每忆起时，总是心底阵阵温暖，嘴角也不经意泛出一丝笑容。我的旅行，多半是没有计划的，走到一处，就安留一处，这大概就是流浪吧，而行山，也是我流浪的一种方式，一种最纯粹的方式。完成珠峰南坡（我们常称为EBC）的徒步后，在加德满都浑噩了两天，加都的喧嚣和琳琅满目的商品对我没有丝毫诱惑力，EBC之行像是一场前戏，挑拨着我更为强烈的欲望，在这个号称“徒步者天堂”的国度，没有什么比远足徒步更容易带来快感了。EBC之行，结识了很多朋友，鸡哥，小熊，小白，大嘴，还有下山后在龙游认识的大旻和大胖妞，下山那天是农历元宵节，我们一帮中国人聚在一起，大家都喝得酩酊大醉，发生了不少闹剧，可我始终相信，每个人都是可爱的。2012年春节EBC我们的队伍，认识了这么多可爱的朋友，是一辈子宝贵的财富。一个月的证，只用了一半，我告诉大家，我要用剩下的时间去安娜看一看，于是和他们一个个道别，自行一人开始了这场孤单而又难忘的旅行。从博卡拉出发，第一晚因为西藏的归属问和西班牙人托尼产生争执，他说他打算枪杀我；在Deurali遇到老狼、小雪一行人，于是结伴同行，在MBC和小雪过了一个勉强还算浪漫的情人节，后来和大家在himalaya分手，继续独自上路；为了传说中的“天体温泉”，从Ghorepani几乎爬行到了Tatopani；抵达Muktinath的时候才发现牛逼大了——我把这条线路走反了，而面临的问是要从Muktinath爬升1800米翻越陀龙垭口，一路上都没有休息点，更要命的是，喜马拉雅山区刚刚送走一场巨大暴风雪，所有人都觉得我会死在路上的时候，Hotel Bob Marley的老板Angela建议我可以试试；在Mangna遇到了非常善良的法国大姐Val，她一年要从法国飞尼泊尔三次，只是来安娜帮她开客栈的当地朋友干活；路上又遇到了之前在ABC相遇的长的很像奥巴马的背夫；快下山的时候遇到在迪拜打工，送儿子去上学的Sandas，他和他哥哥在Besi很热情的招待我。这篇游记只是一个故事，算不上攻略，因为我很乌龙的把这条线路走反了！小邦在尼旅行时间较长，所以对尼泊尔的旅游比较熟悉，有需要的朋友可以咨询我，在此提供一个交流的平台，QQ群197672948此次的行程大概是这样的：2月10日 加德满都——博卡拉2月11日 博卡拉——Phedi——当普斯——Landruk2月12日 Landruk——Chhomrong——Sinuwa2月13日 Sinuwa——Bamboo——Dovan——Himalaya——Deurali2月14日 Deurali——MBC——ABC——MBC2月15日 MBC到Chhomrong2月16日 Chhomrong——Tadapani——Ghorepani2月17日 Ghorepani——Poon Hill——Tatopani2月18日 Tatopani——Ghasa——Jomsom——Muktinath2月19日 Muktinath2月20日 Muktinath——陀龙垭口——High camp2月21日 High camp——Manang2月22日 Manang——Lower Pisang——Chame2月23日 Chame——Tal——Chamche2月24日 Chamche——Syange——Besi Shahar2月25日 Besi Shahar——加德满都个人装备：背包：Gregory T60，强氧胸包鞋袜：mont-bell登山鞋，凉鞋，coolmax袜子一双，迪卡侬徒步袜三双衣服：迪卡侬防风软壳，CARAVA Plartec抓绒衣，Carava棉衣，迪卡侬航海系列抓绒裤，Carava冲锋裤，Carava速干排汗内衣帽子：始祖鸟毛线帽，Mammut速干帽手套：迪卡侬滑雪手套睡袋：天石格拉丹东登山杖：鲁宾逊T3E，BD Trail各一根照明：Black Diamond Spot头灯，备用电池n节眼镜：高特近视偏光眼镜，高特雪镜炉头：火枫便携炉头餐具水具：火枫202套锅，乐扣保鲜盒日常用品：洗漱包，迪卡侬收纳袋，SPF30+防晒霜，卫生纸，笔记本，字笔，瑞士军dao猎人，Carava雪套，迪卡侬防水手表药品：急救包，板蓝根，云南白药喷雾剂，医用纱布，新黄片（或其他消炎药）证件：身份证，护照，1寸照片4张通讯：Moto Defy三防手机，充电器相机：尼康D3100 在MBC看到的玛查普彻峰，也就是我们常说的鱼尾峰。 纠正一下，这不是安娜普尔纳1峰，是Nilgiri South峰，海拔6839米。 在Muktinath看到的世界第七高峰，道拉吉里峰，海拔8167米。 玛纳斯鲁峰，世界第八高峰，海拔8153米。 在Chhomrong看到的玛查普彻峰，实际上它是由两座山峰组成，看上去像鱼的尾鳍，所以我们通常称它为Fishtail，也就是鱼尾峰了。 安娜普尔纳大本营（Annapurna Base Camp），也就是著名的ABC了。 Himalaya，和老狼、小雪一行人。 清晨Poon Hill上望见安娜普尔纳南峰。 通往陀龙垭口的路。 通往陀龙垭口的雪路。https//player.youku.com/player.php/sid/XNTEwNjEzMDU2/v.swf横切雪坡。 通往陀龙垭口的路。https//player.youku.com/player.php/sid/XNTEwNTk3NTA4/v.swf垭口的大风，在High camp遇到的美国人看了这个视频，说，“Sounds like hell.” 世界上最大的垭口——陀龙垭口，海拔5416米。https//player.youku.com/player.php/sid/XMzU4MTk1NTI4/v.swf冒着极寒和风雪拍下的这个视频。 因为是冬季，陀龙垭口到High Camp的Tea House（休息点）都关闭了。 从垭口到High Camp的路上积雪非常厚，最深的地方几乎齐腰。 安娜普尔纳二峰著名的“Monkey Face”，因为山体看上去像人脸而得名。 安娜普尔娜 3峰。 Pisang附近一处很光洁的雪坡，还能清楚看到雪崩的痕迹。 2月10日加德满都到博卡拉加德满都到博卡拉的旅游大巴是早上7点钟出发，我当然不愿意牺牲我宝贵的睡眠，顺便又可以感受一下当地的风土人情，所以本地巴士对我来说也是一个很不错的选择，在加德满都吃完午饭，我赶上了下午2点去往博卡拉的班车，尼泊尔的大巴多数都是印度的TATA牌汽车，性能谈不上好，但是非常结实，我个人还是喜欢坐本地巴士，至少我基本上一路都是睡过去的，晃晃悠悠直到晚上10点才抵达博卡拉，然后打了个车到湖滨区（Lakeside），在唐人餐厅要了个炒饭，碰上一个拉客的当地人，于是以300卢比的价格住在了一家Guest House，条件比较简陋，忘了叫什么名字。要说博卡拉的住宿，穷游的话我个人推荐Hotel Khukuri，我曾经在旺季的时候和老板讲价到400卢比，床很大，还有大阳台。 这是个寂寥的月圆之夜，这个号称尼泊尔第二大城市的博卡拉，看上去不过像一个小镇，我在房间翻看在加德满都买的安娜徒步地图，顿时傻眼了，发现地图上错综复杂有着大大小小十几条线路，这显然比EBC的情况要复杂的多，我瞬间不知该如何下手，于是问了一下客栈老板，他建议我从当普斯开始，我没有想太多，就采纳了他的建议。 清晨的费瓦湖也是匆匆一瞥，博卡拉是号称“南亚小瑞士”的浪漫艳遇之所，在我看来，这远没有西藏的“一措再措”大气，倒是显得小资许多。我无心留恋这个地方，打听了一下去当普斯的车，要倒三趟巴士才到，我狠了下心，干脆叫了辆出租车。 这个司机说600卢比可以把我拉到Phedi，相对半个小时的车程，这已经算很便宜了，他问我办好徒步手续没有，我原本是打算走捷径，但想想这事有伤国体，就干脆让他带我分别去两个办公室办理Permit（许可证）和Tims Card（全称为Trekkers Information Management System，意为徒步者信息管理系统），许可证2000卢比，Tims Card 20美金，折合成人民币差不多近300大元，瞬时感觉心在滴血。另外给了司机600卢比小费，因为他陪我办手续等了很久。 Phedi到当普斯有盘山公路，但是费用比较高，我选择自行走小径上山，这是一个比较陡的坡，有一段时间没有负重徒步了，所以没走多久就喘的不行。 爬上了山坡，回头望去，全是一片梯田和河流的景貌，让人无法想法这里地处于喜马拉雅南麓。 沿途当地人的小洋房，博卡拉是个相对比较富饶的地方。 去往当普斯的路上，沿途尽是这样的路。 这个大姐打完电话后，似乎若有所思。 路上遇到一个奥地利老头和他的向导，我才知道大部分徒步客都选择从Nayapul作为徒步的起点，走当普斯的实在是少。 找老头代劳给我拍了一张。 这可真是徒步的好天气啊。([]
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许巧智仨驴：西部传奇，8264和越野e族（马踏飞燕）资深老且色驴，第七次自驾进藏，去年单人单车自驾西藏月余。 飞翔，强驴，户外领队。走狼C，登雀儿山、玉珠峰、哈巴雪山等。 胆小如虎，企图发烧的老驴，老，更多意指年岁。2005年曾与西部传奇、机器猫仨驴单车自驾西藏（https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1686646-1-1.html）。.单车：Jeep牧马人·罗宾汉。保险杠，轮胎，减震器，后排座等做了更换改装，加装了绞盘，强光灯。.路途：郑州——绵阳——康定——理塘——（格聂神山，冷谷寺）——巴塘——西藏左贡——洛隆——边坝——（若果冰川，金岭冰湖）——比如——那曲——拉萨——（羊卓雍错，普姆雍错）——洛扎——（库拉岗日雪山）——江孜——（多庆错，卓木拉日雪山）——亚东——定结——老定日——樟木——（希夏邦马峰东坡）——老定日——定日曲当乡——(珠峰东坡嘎玛沟大环线9日徒步) ——萨迦——日喀则——拉萨——林芝——波密——左贡——芒康——云南德钦——(梅里雪山，白马雪山) ——大理双廊——郑州。2014年8月21日出发，全程42天。.若果冰川，仨驴的凌晨。冰川一直盘桓着云雾，云雾之上透射出繁星的幽光。冰碛湖下泄河水流动的轰响，时而冰壁崩落的撞击声，一阵雪霰对帐篷的沙沙敲打，构成天籁夜曲的交响。金岭冰湖（炯普错）。 绝美山谷的辫状水系。 野性的张扬。藏族姑娘清澈纯净的天使笑容。参天古树。羊卓雍错总是逃避不了地惹人神醉。浩淼的普姆雍措。多庆错北侧的华美湿地。卓木拉日雪峰。牧归。 夕晖映照。古堡遗存。希夏邦马峰东坡。金色的珠穆朗卓若展翅冲天的雄鹰。在珠峰东坡仰望珠峰和洛子峰。措学仁玛的迷醉湖水。鲁朗林海。波密，云雾缭绕的山林。业拉山夕照。梅里雪山卡瓦格博峰。挥一挥衣袖，不带走洱海的一片云彩。第一天在郑州集结出发，由连霍高速经西安转京昆高速到四川绵阳。第二天经成都转318国道到康定。.看到此道路指示牌，遂决定探访二郎山老川藏路，并计划在山顶露营。驶上二郎山老川藏路，我顿时热泪盈眶。我父亲曾在张国华将军麾下的十八军五十四师一六二团任团参谋，挺进大西南时，参与了川藏（康藏）公路的修筑。那个时候出生的两个姐姐因此分别起名叫玉（豫）川、玉康。在我儿时，父亲就教会了我那首高亢激越的《歌唱二郎山》。由于已修建了二郎山隧道，老川藏盘山路基本无车通行。沿路偶见废弃的工棚和房舍，无人居住。山道已显得较窄，茂盛的植物几乎将个别路段郁闭，车辆勉强通过。雨水顺着山路流淌，溅起的水幕不时遮住前挡玻璃。老川藏路盘绕在二郎山的山际。向上行驶了半个多小时，山体塌方挡住去路，只得遗憾回返，留下的是无尽的缅怀。隧道虽然快捷方便，但失却了盘山道所给予的山顶风景。过了二郎山，继续往泸定、康定的方向进跋。夜之穿城而过的折多河，让《康定情歌》以更激情的方式宣泄。([]
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